On February 13, 2025, the Indian government imposed President’s Rule in Manipur following the resignation of Chief Minister N. Biren Singh on February 9. This decision comes amid escalating ethnic violence that has plagued the northeastern state for nearly two years, resulting in over 250 deaths and displacing approximately 60,000 individuals.
Background of the Crisis
The conflict in Manipur primarily involves tensions between the majority Meitei community and the minority Kuki-Zo tribes. The violence intensified in May 2023 when the Meiteis, predominantly Hindus, sought recognition as a Scheduled Tribe—a move opposed by the Kuki-Zo communities. This demand led to widespread clashes, destruction of property, and a significant humanitarian crisis, with many displaced individuals living in squalid conditions in relief camps.
Political Developments Leading to President’s Rule
Chief Minister N. Biren Singh, a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), faced mounting pressure due to his handling of the crisis. His resignation came ahead of a scheduled legislative assembly session where the opposition planned to move a no-confidence motion against him. Following his departure, the BJP struggled to reach a consensus on a successor, leading to a leadership vacuum. The deadline to convene the state assembly expired on February 12, further deepening the political uncertainty.
Implications of President’s Rule
The imposition of President’s Rule, under Article 356 of the Indian Constitution, allows the central government to assume direct control over a state’s administration when the state government is unable to function according to constitutional provisions. This measure is intended to restore order and address the administrative challenges faced by the state.
Reactions and Future Prospects
The decision to impose President’s Rule has elicited varied responses. The Manipur Pradesh Congress Committee (MPCC) has strongly opposed the move, advocating for a democratically elected government to uphold democracy in the state.
As the central government takes charge, the primary focus will be on restoring peace, addressing the humanitarian crisis, and facilitating a return to democratic governance.
The situation in Manipur remains fluid, and the effectiveness of President’s Rule in resolving the ongoing challenges will be closely monitored by stakeholders across the nation.
Additional Information
President’s Rule in India: Constitutional Provisions and Process
President’s Rule is imposed in a state under Article 356 of the Indian Constitution when the state government cannot function according to constitutional provisions. This mechanism empowers the President of India to take direct control of the state’s administration.
Constitutional Provisions for President’s Rule
- Article 356 (Failure of Constitutional Machinery in a State)
- If the Governor of a state is satisfied that the government cannot function per constitutional provisions, they recommend President’s Rule.
- The President of India then issues a proclamation to impose it.
- Duration and Approval
- President’s Rule must be approved by both Houses of Parliament within two months.
- It can be imposed for six months initially and extended up to three years with parliamentary approval every six months.
- Parliamentary Oversight
- Beyond one year, an extension requires:
- A national emergency in the whole or part of India, or
- Election Commission certification that elections cannot be conducted in the state.
- Beyond one year, an extension requires:
Grounds for Imposing President’s Rule
- Political instability or no clear majority in the assembly.
- Breakdown of law and order.
- Failure of the state to comply with central directives.
- Constitutional failure as reported by the Governor.
Process of Imposing President’s Rule
- Governor’s Report: The Governor sends a report to the President recommending the imposition.
- Presidential Proclamation: The President signs a proclamation imposing President’s Rule.
- Parliamentary Approval: Both Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha must approve the proclamation within two months.
Effects of President’s Rule
- The Governor administers the state under the President’s guidance.
- The state legislative assembly may be dissolved or suspended.
- Parliament assumes the power to make laws for the state.
Judicial Safeguards
- The imposition of President’s Rule can be challenged in court.
- S.R. Bommai v. Union of India (1994):
- The Supreme Court ruled that the judiciary can review the imposition of President’s Rule.
- The Governor’s report must have valid and relevant reasons.
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